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| ACRYLIC - A polymer containing short chain esters of acrylic and methacrylic
acid. |
| ADHESION - The force that makes two materials stick together. When paint bonds
with paint, it is called intercoat adhesion. Epoxies have great adhesion to most
surfaces. |
| AGGLOMERATION - Small particles of pigments gathering together forming a larger
mass. |
| AIR DRY - When a coating dries at normal room temperature, usually between
60-80 degrees F with a relative humidity between 40-60 percent. |
| AIRLESS SPRAY - Method of forcing coating through a spray tip by hydraulic
pressure rather than air. |
| ALKYD - A resin formed by the reaction of alcohols and acid groups.
They may be regarded as complex esters. They are widely used as resins in primers. |
| ALLIGATORING - Paint failure that resembles an alligatorís hide. Usually caused
by applying a hard-drying paint over a soft paint or by applying the film too quickly. |
| ALUMINUM PIGMENTS - Non-leafing aluminum paints are usually color finished
with flakes of aluminum. |
| AROMATIC SOLVENTS - Hydrocarbon solvents with a benzene ring nucleus such
as Xylol or toluol. |
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| BAKING or BAKING TEMPERATURE - Hardening a coating by oven drying or exposing
to high temperatures. Some coatings are improved by baking and some will not dry
without baking. Baking temperature is the prescribed heat for curing any particular
coating. |
| BASECOAT - A highly pigmented color coat applied prior to a clear coating
that gives the system the desired color. |
| BATCH - A unit of production. May be measured by the size of a special order
or limited to the capacity of the equipment. |
| BINDER - The non-volatile, film-forming liquid usually an oil, alkyd, latex,
varnish or plasticizer which binds the pigment particles together in paint. |
| BLISTERING - Pressure under the paint film from vapor or moisture will cause
blistering. The vapor may come from trapping solvents or from chemical reaction. |
| BLOOM - A bluish cast forming on the surface of some films. It may be caused
by foreign materials such as smoke, oil or dust, during the drying process. |
| BLUSHING - Usually caused by condensation during the drying period. The film
becomes cloudy translucent. |
| BODY - A work used to indicate thickness or thinness of a liquid paint. A
more acceptable term is viscosity or consistency. |
| BONDERIZING - A registered trademark of a chemical process for phosphate-coating
iron, steel or zinc surfaces as a rust preventing base for painting. |
| BOXING - The act of pouring paint from one container into another repeatedly,
not only for mixing, but to insure uniformity. |
| BRIDGING - This refers to the ability of paint to span small gaps or to cover
cracks through its elastic qualities. This is a desirable quality for some coatings
and is so formulated. It is not desirable in coatings for screens and acoustical
tile. |
| BRITTLENESS - Easily cracked or flaked when bent. |
| BUBBLING - Air bubbles in a drying film caused by excessive brushing or vigorous
stirring just before applying. When they break, they may form pinholes in the film. |
| BUNG HOLE - A threaded opening near the bottom of a keg or drum in which a
spigot can be inserted. |
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| CARNAUBA - A yellowish or greenish wax obtained from the young leaves of the
Brazilian wax palm tree. It is used in various waxes and polishes. |
| CATALYST - An additive that causes chemical change, but is not permanently
affected by the reaction. For instance, the addition of dryers speeds up the oxidation
of oils. |
| CHECKING - Tiny breaks in the surface of the paint film. Usually "V"
shaped and underlying surface is not visible. |
| CHIPPING - Separation of paint from previous coats in chips or flakes. |
| CLEARCOAT - A transparent coating sprayed over a base or color coat to produce
high DOI (Distinction of Image) finishes. |
| CLOUDY ó A hazy appearing film on varnish or enamel. |
| COALESCE - A carrier solvent (agueous) that evaporates or absorbs into the
substrate from which particles deform and nit together to form a continuous film. |
| COATING - Any paint, varnish, or lacquer. Chemical coatings denote industrial
finishes. The act of applying. |
| COHESION - The state or process by which the particles of a body or substance
are bound together. |
| COLLOIDAL DISPERSION - Particles dispersed in a water solublized phase (single)
that generally has a hazy appearance. |
| COLOR RETENTION - This refers to the ability of a paint to retain its original
color for a long period of time. |
| COMPATIBILITY - The ability of materials to get along together without separation
or reaction. |
| CONDUCTIVE PRIMER - A primer which when electro-deposited or spray applied
and cured will not act as an insulator of the coated metallic object, but will conduct
current for the electro-deposition or spray application of a second coating or topcoat
film. |
| CONTRAST RATIO - The hiding power of paint is usually determined by coating
both white and black areas of a draw-down sheet. The brightness of the film over
the black area is divided by the brightness over the white area to determine the
ratio. Normally expressed as a percentage. The higher the number, the better the
hiding. |
| CORROSION - To eat away by chemical action. An oxidation process such as rust
on steel. |
| COVERING POWER - The ability of a coating to completely cover a surface. It
is usually expressed in square feet per gallon. |
| CRACKING - Larger than hairline breaks in the surface of the film. Usually
curled edges and underlying surface is exposed. |
| CRAWLING - The tendency of some liquids to draw themselves into beads or drops
caused by high surface tension of applying paint on a high gloss surface can also
be caused by substrate contamination. |
| CURDLING - To coagulate. Lumpy solids in paints or varnishes. |
| CURE - To harden a coating film by applied heat or catalyst. |
| CURING AGENT - Catalyst to produce drying or hardening effect - or both. |
| CURTAINS - Sagging of paint. A curtain effect. Usually caused by applying
too heavy a coat of paint. |
| CUT-BACK - To add liquid. To thin. |
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| DEGREASER - Combination of solvents for the purpose of removing grease and
oil from the surface in preparation for painting. |
| DEPLETION - Removal of only the solids of the EDP (Electro-deposition process)
bath. The solids are continuously deposited out while other ingredients remain and
build up. |
| DISPERSED - Scattered or completely integrated as pigment separated in a binder. |
| DISPERSION AGENT - A substance which aids holding pigments in dispersion |
| DOI - Distinction of image, depth and clarity. |
| DRIER - Substances added to paint to make it dry quickly. |
| DRY - Film formation by evaporation of solvent or oxidation of unsaturated
compound or catalytic action. |
| DRY FILM THICKNESS - A measurement usually in mils of the paint film after
drying. |
| DURABILITY - The lasting qualities of a paint film. The wearability of paint
under conditions for which it was designed. |
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| ELASTICITY - STRETCHABILITY - The ability to change size and return to normal
without breaking. Most thermoplastic finishes are more elastic than oxidized coatings. |
| ELECTROCOATING ANODIC - A process in which negatively charged paint film is
deposited on to surfaces of substrates. The deposition occurs as a result of an electric
current passing between the object coated and an oppositely charged electrode, (usually
the electrocoat tank walls), while immersed in a batch of water thinned paint. |
| ELECTROCOATING CATHODIC - An identical process to that of anodic electrocoating
except the paint film is positively charged and electrically deposited onto surfaces
of negatively charged metallic substrates. |
| ELECTRODEPOSITION COATING - (Also referred to as E-COAT, electrocoating and
electropainting.) A process in which a paint film is deposited on all surfaces of
a metallic product by the passage of an electric current between the object being
coated and another electrode while immersed in a bath of water-thinned paint. |
| ELECTROLYSIS - The passage of current via charged particles (ions) which are
discharged on the relevant electrodes. |
| ELECTROPHORESIS - The movement of charged particles suspended in a liquid
under the influence of an applied electric field. |
| ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY - Applying paint through electricity. The spray is charged
as it leaves the gun. The surface to be coated has the opposite charge. The spray
particles are thus attracted to the object with a minimum of overspray and more uniformity. |
| ENAMEL - Actually "pigmented clear finish". A free-flowing finish
that dries hard to the degree of sheen formulated gloss to flat. |
| EPOXY RESINS - Condensation of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol. A film made
from epoxy resins is extremely durable and solvent resistant. Pure epoxies require
strong solvents and a catalyst. |
| EPOXY ESTER - These epoxies are modified with fatty acids of drying oils and
require no catalyst. They require solvents of less strength than catalyzed epoxy
and have good adhesion and color retention. They are less resistant to chalking on
exteriors than alkyds. Not as chemical resistant as catalyzed epoxy. |
| EXPOSURE TESTS - By exposing applied film to the conditions the film will
have to withstand, its weatherability can be determined. These conditions are simulated
in the laboratory and the action accelerated in a weatherometer. |
| EVAPORATION - To convert into a gaseous state or vapor. The action of drying
by removing moisture. Lacquers, vinyl and most latex finishes dry by the evaporation
of solvents. |
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| FALSE BODY - Puffing up in container. It is possible to give an abnormal heavy
body to paint through formulation that can be lost through thinning to brushing consistency.
Present day thixotropic or homogenized paints are false bodied. |
| FASTNESS - The ability to withstand exposure to heat, light and weather without
losing color. |
| FEATHERING - Blending out. The disappearing edge of a paint film. |
| FILM THICKNESS - The thickness of a coating measured in mils. |
| FINENESS OF GRIND - How well or how little pigment is dispersed in a coating
formula. Measured from (0) very coarse to (8) (perfect dispersion). On a Hegman grind
gauge, enamels normally require a 6-8 grind; flat finishes 4-6 grind. |
| FISHER CUP - A viscometer that works like a liquid hourglass. The viscosity
of a liquid is determined by the time it takes to flow through the opening in the
cup. |
| FLAKING - The paint film separates from the substrate and flakes off. A paint
failure. |
| FLASH POINT - The temperature at which the vapor of a thinner or solvent will
ignite in the presence of sparks or open flame. |
| FLASHING - Uneven degree of gloss over surface due to poor prime
coat, poor application or the early exposure of a film to condensation (moisture). |
| FLAT - Without sheen or gloss. |
| FLATTING AGENT - The ingredient used in coatings
to give a flat or hand-rubbed effect. Calcium, aluminum or zinc stearate are used.
Silicate flatting pigments give a better product than these metallic soaps. |
| FLEXIBILITY - The ability of a film to easily bend without cracking
or losing adhesion. |
| FLOATING - The tendency of some pigments to separate and float to
the surface. Also called flooding and results in a streaked or spotty application. |
| FLOCCULATION - To form masses of particles either by settling out
or forming a gel. |
| FLOW - The degree of leveling without brush marks. Excess flow may
cause sagging. |
| FORCED DRYING - Drying at increased temperatures,
but usually not over 150¡F. |
| FROSTING - A frostlike appearance of a semi-opaque or translucent
coating. |
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| GLOSS - A degree of luster. The shiniest finish. |
| GLOSS METER - An instrument that measures the degree
of gloss of a film by its reflectance. Also called a glossmeter. Most commonly used
is a 60 degree meter which measures gloss at an angle of 60 degrees. |
| GELLED - Products which are allowed to thicken by adding certain
other products. Can be a formula failure. |
| GLOSS RETENTION - The length of time a finish retains
its gloss without flatting or dulling. |
| GRAININESS - A gritty appearance of a film due to the lumping of
pigment. |
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| HARDNESS - The capacity of a surface or film to resist scratching. |
| HIDING POWER - The ability of a paint product to
hide previous coats or surface beneath. Opacity. |
| HOLD OUT - Primers have hold out. The ability to
seal surface so that the finish coat will be of even gloss and color. |
| HOT SPRAY - Reducing the coating to spray consistency
with heat rather than solvent. |
| HUE - The name of a color. The property of a color by which it can
be distinguished. Red, Blue, Yellow, etc. |
| HYBRIDS - A combination of two or more powder resins formulated
to provide specific properties. Examples are acrylic-epoxy hybrids and epoxy-polyester
hybrids. |
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| INCOMPATIBLE - Paints that should not be mixed together or should
not be applied over another are said to be incompatible. For instance, water paints
and oil paints should not be mixed. Epoxies might "lift" certain finishes. |
| INTERCOAT ADHESION - Refers to adhesion between
two coats of paint. |
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| KETONE - As used in paint, these are colorless volatile thinners
or solvents with higher polarity values and good solvency power. |
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| LACQUER - A finish or protective coating consisting of a resin and/or
a cellulose ester dissolved in a volatile solvent. Sometimes pigment is added. Dries
when solvents evaporate. |
| LEVELING - The quality of spreading out into a smooth, level film.
A paint with good leveling properties will dry without brush marks or the appearance
of orange peel. |
| LIFTING - When the solvents of the topcoat penetrate the coat underneath
and cause wrinkling. Usually penetrates the undercoat and breaks the adhesion. |
| LUSTER - GLOSS - The appearance of depth as obtained
by multiple coats of varnish. |
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| MASKING - To protect areas by masking tape, etc., from paint application
where it is not wanted. |
| MILEAGE - A general term which indicates the coverage obtained from
a coat of paint. Synonymous with coverage. |
| MIL - Unit of measuring film thickness. 1 mil is one thousandth
of an inch (0.001 inch). |
| MILLS - Machines for grinding pigment and vehicles, such as Kady
Mills, Ball Mills, Cowles Hi-Speed, dispersion Mills, etc. |
| MIST COAT - A semi-transparent spray coat of paint. |
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| NON-VOLATILE - Solids. |
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| ORANGE PEEL - A film that has the physical appearance
of an orange peel caused by improper spray application or the application of some
finishes by roller or spray. |
| OVERSPRAY - As the name implies. Paint sprayed in areas surrounding
target objects. |
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| PEAK AMPERAGE - The maximum amperage due to the
initial surge of voltage and the conductive metallic object be coated. Amperage peaks
out within 5 to 15 seconds and falls off very rapidly as the film builds up and the
object becomes insulated. |
| PEELING - Loss of adhesion. Stripping paint film from the surface. |
| pH VALUE - The chemical symbol that together with a number describes
the alkalinity or acidity of a solution. 7 is neutral. Below 7 indicates acid condition.
Above 7 indicates alkaline condition. |
| PIGMENT VOLUME - The amount of pigment, by volume,
in the non-volatile portion of the paint. |
| PIN-HOLING - Tiny round breaks in a paint film giving the appearance
of a pin-hole. |
| POLYESTER - A group of resins made from the reaction of dicarboxylic
acids with dihydroxy alcohols. This is a special type of alkyd resin. |
| PRIMERS - Undercoats which bind topcoat to substrate. |
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| RAIN SPOTS - A condition caused by raining on a
newly applied finish before it has set. |
| RED LABEL GOODS - Products requiring
a red label for shipment according to DOT regulations. The requirement is for products
having a flash point below 100¡F. |
| REDUCE - To thin in viscosity by adding a thinner or solvent. |
| RELATIVE HUMIDITY - A scientific way of measuring
moisture in the air. The percentage ratio of water vapor in the air to the amount
required to saturate it at the same temperature. |
| RESIN - Non-volatile solid or semi-solid exudation from the pine
trees and plants. Also synthetically made by polymerizing molecules. Examples of
natural resins are rosin and damar. Types of synthetics are alkyds, phenolics, etc. |
| RIM - Flexible substrate. Reaction Injection Molded urethane. |
| RUNS - Usually caused by improper consistency of paint or applying
too heavily. |
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| SAGS - The sagging of the paint. A curtain effect. Usually caused
by applying too heavy a coat of paint or thinning too much. |
| SEALER - A primer which does not allow succeeding coats to penetrate. Also
seals in material that might otherwise bleed through the surface. |
| SEEDING - A lumping of pigment or the vehicle become gelatinous, forming relatively
large particles in the coating. |
| SETTLING - When the pigment separates from the vehicle and settles to the
bottom of container. |
| SHEEN - Luster, gloss, semi-gloss, eggshell, etc. |
| SHELF LIFE - The length of time a paint product may remain on the shelf
or stored and still be usable. Affected by storage conditions. |
| SKIN - A tough, skin-like covering that forms on paints, varnishes,
etc., when left exposed to air for long periods. Formed by oxidation or polymerization. |
| SOLIDS - The pigment and non-volatile vehicle components of paint that remain
on the coated surface. Can be measured by weight and volume. |
| SOLUBLE - The ability of one product to dissolve into another. |
| SOLVENT - That component of a solution which dissolves other components. In
paint, the liquid is usually volatile. There are two major categories of paints.
One called solvent-based, which refers to oil or resin. The other, water-based, in
which water is the solvent. |
| SPECIFICATION - Written instructions on details of paint applications, types
of products to be used, areas to be painted and painting procedure. Quantitative
refers to specific ingredient. Qualitative to performance of formula. |
| SUBSTRATE - A layer lying under another. A material on the surface of which
a coating is applied. ie wood, cold rolled steel, galvanized steel, etc. |
| SURFACE TENSION - A property of liquid or solid matter due to unbalanced
molecular forces near the surface. A measurement of this property. |
| SURFACE PREPARATION - The conditioning of a surface to receive a coating.
For instance, surface must be free from dirt, grease, dust and properly sanded, etc. |
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| TACKY - That sticky condition that exists in the drying process.
Between wet and dry stages. |
| TELEGRAPHING - A hand print, rag mark, or hose mark, etc.,onone coat that
reads through on a subsequent coat. |
| TENSILE STRENGTH - The load necessary to break a film when pulled in the direction
of length. The stress necessary to break. |
| THERMOPLASTIC - Soft and pliable when heated, returning to solid when cooled. |
| THERMOSETTING - Type of plastic that becomes hard and unmoldable when heated
and thereafter is heat resistant. |
| THINNER - A volatile liquid with which the viscosity of a paint
product can be modified. The thinner evaporates when the coating is drying. |
| THIXOTROPY - The property exhibited by certain paints to gel in the container.
A return to the liquid state occurs when shaken and stirred. |
| THROWING POWER - The ability of an electrodeposit to penetrate into "hard
to reach" areas, such as a hollow metal object. |
| TINT - To add color. |
| TINTING STRENGTH - The coloring power of paint or pigment. |
| TOLUOL - A relatively inexpensive solvent used in industrial finishes. (Aromatic) |
| TOOTH - Roughening of a surface with sandpaper or cleaning with a liquid degreaser
in preparing a surface for painting. A condition of a surface which helps adhesion
of succeeding coats of paint. |
| TOUGHNESS - The quality of a hard film to resist scratches, abrasion and breaking. |
| TURNOVER - When the paint solids in the batch or dip tank are completely replaced
or replenished by an equivalent amount of solids materials, the bath has "turned
over" one time. |
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| ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT - The invisible rays of the spectrum lying outside
the violet end of the visible spectrum. Responsible for much film failure in exterior
exposure. |
| UNDERCOAT - A primer over which a topcoat will be applied. |
| URETHANE - A polymer which contains urethane linkages. Urethanes are noted
for their toughness and abrasion resistance. |
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| VEHICLE - A liquid, as oil, which is mixed with pigment to make paint. |
| VISCOSITY - The thickness or thinness of a liquid. A measure of resistance
to flow. |
| VM&P NAPTHA - Stands for Varnish Makerís and Painterís Naptha. (Solvent) |
| VOLATILE - Any material that passes off in the form of a vapor. |
| VOC - Volatile Organic Compound |
| VOLATILE THINNER - Liquid which evaporates during the drying of the
film. |
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| WEATHEROMETER -An electrical testing instrument that accelerates various weather
conditions on panels exposed to ultraviolet light and water spray. |
| WET FILM THICKNESS - The measurement of the coating when applied,
but before the evaporation of the solvent. |
| WETTING AGENT - An aid to dispersion by addition of substances to lower
the surface tension of water. |
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| XYLOL - XYLENE - A solvent used in industrial finishes which has a
higher boiling point than toluol. Otherwise, similar to that liquid. (Aromatic). |
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| ZINC DUST - A medium gray pigment with extreme hiding power. Zinc-rich
paints adhere unusually well to galvanized metal. Other desirable qualities are one-coat
hiding, weather and heat resistance and it inhibits rust. |
